Veterans are at risk for eating disorders, and there have been increased efforts to improve detection and treatment in this population. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) is one of the recommended eating disorder symptom assessments, yet the validity of this measure is unknown in veterans. Given that the original factor structure of the EDE-Q has failed replication in several populations, the primary aim of this project was to investigate the appropriate EDE-Q factor structure in a veteran population. Moreover, given the importance of evaluating and understanding potential differences in health outcomes by gender among veterans, investigating measurement invariance of the EDE-Q by gender will improve the scientific rigor of future veteran studies. Using survey data from a nationally representative sample of 405 veterans, competing factor structures based on prior literature were compared using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Multigroup CFA was used to evaluate measurement invariance among cisgender men and women (n=401). Results indicated that none of the full-item factor structures were supported, including the original four-factor model (Dietary Restraint, Eating Concern, Shape Concern, and Weight Concern). A brief seven-item, first-order, three-factor structure demonstrated the best model fit and highest scale reliability. This model includes Dietary Restraint, Shape/Weight Overvaluation, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales. A bifactor model that included a general factor and three brief factors demonstrated adequate fit; however, factor loadings for two specific factors were low, and internal consistency of all three specific factors in this model was poor. Both the best fitting first-order and the bifactor models demonstrated measurement invariance by gender. The present study strongly supports the use of a brief, seven-item three-factor EDE-Q with both men and women veterans. Researchers and clinicians working with veterans are encouraged to refrain from using the original subscales or the full-item global score of the EDE-Q. There was some evidence supporting the appropriateness of a global score from the seven-item EDE-Q, although it may not fully capture eating disorder symptom severity. The results of this study have important clinical and research implications for the use of the EDE-Q to evaluate eating disorder symptom severity in veteran cisgender men and women.